Gender Differences - Facial Anatomy

When planning aesthetic correction, it is important to consider gender differences in anatomy, histology, and hard and soft tissues of the skin. It is also important to understand the changes that occur during facial aging in men and women, which characteristics require special attention during correction. Understanding the multilevel model of facial aging allows for a more personalized approach to therapy for each patient.

Gender Differences in the Facial Skeleton In the early stages of development, all individuals phenotypically belong to the "female" prototype, regardless of biological sex. As they approach adulthood, the male face changes due to the influence of testosterone. The ratio of height to width of the face determines its overall type: in men, this ratio is usually 1.35:1, and in women, 1.31:1. In women, the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the face are usually equal, while in men, the lower third predominates.

Skeletally, women's skulls are more oval and V-shaped, compared to the male skeleton, which is typically more angular and square. The male lower jaw has a more pronounced curvature, which is reflected in a stronger, wider, and protruding chin and a more pronounced jawline. How does men's skin differ from women's? Skin plays a key role in the perception of facial beauty. Understanding the physiological and chemical differences between men's and women's skin can help clinicians develop personalized treatments for optimal cosmetic results. Studies have shown that men's skin has larger pores and produces more sebum, making it more susceptible to acne during puberty. Skin pigmentation and cross-sectional thickness are significantly higher in men. Men's skin also has a higher collagen content and exhibits higher levels of lactic acid production. Facial Muscles in Men and Women When it comes to facial muscles, men and women differ in both anatomical dimensions and dynamic function. It has been documented that women's muscle mass, including facial muscle mass, is significantly lower than men's.

One study using 3D analysis methods found that wrinkle formation rates were significantly higher in men than in women. For example, in the lower third of the face, the average masseter muscle thickness in women is 13 mm +/- 1.8 mm, while in men it is 15.1 mm +/- 1.9 mm. The kinetic energy generated by these muscles is relatively greater in men than in women, leading to more pronounced facial expressions. Characteristics of the Soft Tissues of Men and Women When examining the soft tissues of the lower face, anatomical studies have shown that the female chin and jaw are narrower and less noticeable than those of men. A profile assessment of the face shows that the chin in women most often lies slightly behind the lower lip, while in men they lie on the same line. Men tend to have a larger mouth size (the distance between the lips) and thinner lips.

At the same time, the thickness of the vessels in representatives of the stronger sex is slightly greater than in women, which should be taken into account when carrying out injection correction of this area.